Рубрика: Человеко-машинное взаимодействие. Человеко-машинный интерфейс. Пользовательский интерфейс 

УДК 004.5

Взаимодействие человека и компьютера: основные принципы
Примов Темуржон Зокирович
бакалавр 2 курса, кафедра информационных технологий и систем
Мария Владимировна Горбунова
научный руководитель, старший преподаватель, кафедра межкультурных коммуникаций и переводоведения
Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса
Россия. Владивосток
E-mail: Mariya.Gorbunova@vvsu.ru
ул. Гоголя, 41, г. Владивосток, Приморский край, Россия, 690014

Статья посвящена проблеме взаимодействия человека и компьютера, связанного с проектированием, оценкой и внедрением интерактивных вычислительных систем для использования человеком и изучением основных явлений, окружающих его. Автор исследует основные принципы взаимодействия человека и компьютера и приводит основные задачи для исследователей, дизайнеров и разработчиков.

Ключевые слова и словосочетания: человеко-компьютерное взаимодействие, информация, интерактивные вычислительные системы, программное обеспечение компьютера, средства технического обеспечения, операционная система, язык программмирования здоровье человека
Human Computer Interaction: General Principles

Primov Temurjon Zokirovich
bachelor of the 2nd year, department of information technologies and systems
Gorbunova Maria Vladimirovna
academic adviser, senior lecturer, department of cross-cultural communication and translation
Vladivostok state university of economics and service
Russia. Vladivostok

The article raises an issue of the problem of human-computer interaction associated with the design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and the study of the main phenomena surrounding it. The author explores the basic principles of human-computer interaction and describes the main tasks for researchers, designers and developers.
Key words and phrases: human computer interaction, information, interactive computing systems, software, hardware, operating system, programming language, human health 

The formation of a global economic, social and cultural space is an objective reality of the modern world. Today, computers united by an extensive network, take over the functions of the world Bank of information and the mobile means of communication. Humanity has entered a new stage of development presenting a new information society, a new information ethics and culture.
Information has become a priority among the criteria of progress, as well as the means of its obtaining and processing and use — computer and computer technology, with the help of which the intellectual capabilities and abilities of a person are enhanced. In developed countries, more than half of workers are employed in the information sector (80% in the US), and information, technology and software have become the main commodity product [1].
At the same time, people move from the introduction of intelligence and the model of the world inside the computer, from the formation of “virtual reality” in it to the embodiment of virtuality around them — microprocessors in cars, TVs, credit cards, etc. Thanks to the development of telecommunications, a person gets into an environment with the “information dirt”, which has its diseases. And often people are not adapted to the new pace of development of civilization.
These technological changes significantly transform not only the human environment, but also affect the human health, the organization of all its activities, the relationship between communities of people in the market of raw materials, goods and services.
Thus, the problem of “Computer and human” becomes one of the main problems of modern society.
Human-computer interaction (HCI) is the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings.
Until the late 1970s, the only humans who interacted with computers were information technology professionals and dedicated hobbyists. This changed disruptively with the emergence of personal computing in the later 1970s. Personal computing, including both personal software (productivity applications, such as text editors and spreadsheets, and interactive computer games) and personal computer platforms (operating systems, programming languages, and hardware), made everyone in the world a potential computer user, and vividly highlighted the deficiencies of computers with respect to usability for those who wanted to use computers as tools [3].
The new information age demonstrates the main advantages that determine the development of modern society and man.
First, it is a high level of interaction between computers and humans. The computer acts as a personal assistant to the person responsible for almost all human senses. Relatively trouble-free splicing of the computer with various technical means (telephone, radio, video and photo equipment, diagnostic equipment, etc.) provides computer hearing, vision, touch, the ability of speech playback.
The next advantage is determined by the ability of computers to take over the functions of all existing media at once, including books and musical instruments. This means that a person is able to choose the media through which he wants to receive and transmit ideas. Structures and phenomena such as texts, images, sounds and movies — almost inaccessible in traditional media — become easily manipulated by man himself [4].
Third, a person is given the opportunity to consider ideas or problems multilaterally and to bring together information from different sources, because information can be presented in many different ways.
Fourth, the essence of computer calculations is to build a dynamic model of the idea by simulating the conditions. With the help of a computer, you can get not just statistical calculations, but visual models that describe and test conflicting theories. The possibility of a clearer “vision” of the world is becoming more and more real today in the sphere of mastering of language, mathematics, science.
The fifth advantage is that computers can be endowed with thinking. The computer's ability to model allows it to compete with the human mind.
These five advantages represent a powerful information environment, with the computer as the Central tool and the human as the Central actor. However, as the experience of the last few decades shows, this interaction has become organic, mutually enriching and developing.
The life activity of a modern man is now realized on the ways of increasingly active communication with technical devices, the emergence of the computer has changed it dramatically: it plays the role of an employee, together performing complex intellectual work. This leads to the formation of a qualitatively different attitude to the computer than to the technique. It creates an environment in which the connection between man and the computer, resembles quite clearly emotionally charged relationship of partners and rivals [4].
The desire to constantly use a computer to solve a wider range of tasks is of great importance, as it allows a person to successfully use the huge possibilities of the machine. The computer can dramatically increase the efficiency and quality of many forms of human activity, facilitates its work, and introduces new, interesting events and conceptual ideas, which, of course, contributes to the progress of the individual, enhances its intellectual capabilities.
One of the most serious issues that must be taken into account in the first place is the possible negative impact of the latest information tools and technologies on the health of people, especially children and adolescents.
In addition, now, in the era of a rapid increase in the role of computer technology, the problem of preserving the identity of the human person is of particular importance both in the field of theoretical understanding of the place of man in modern society, and in connection with the urgent need for new approaches to human education [2].
There is a fear that the computerization of the activities of a specialist who does not have a fundamental culture of solving cognitive problems, can turn a person into an appendage of a machine, deprive him of the ability to creative activity.
At the same time, the progress of computerization is accompanied by the formation of such a negative phenomenon as human attachment to the computer, the inability to do without it in solving even the simplest tasks. Many users develop a loss of interest in the environment; the computer display begins to be perceived as the only window through which the surrounding reality is perceived. This condition is classified as a kind of disease. People with its symptoms are not able to do without a computer for a long time, which is often perceived by them as a tool, and as a companion on vacation. Such a person, deprived of a computer, is sometimes completely helpless. This disease is especially dangerous for children. In addition, there is often a problem of morality and humanity of children's computer games.
The problem of child and computer is already of serious philosophical and methodological interest. After all, it concerns the formation of a person, his mental, physical and moral health. The society takes special measures, creating global programs and even rebuilding the education system, as a result of which the computer becomes an effective means of education, a full-fledged instrument of children's creativity. The society carries out special efforts in the field of humanitarian education, increasing the level of spiritual culture of a person, including the level of mental culture.
The interaction of man and computer makes radical changes in the human consciousness; it is realized on the basis of solving the most complex problem of thinking development, the problem of operating with formal concepts and objects. At the same time, a person looks at the world through the eyes of a computer. Studying objects and systems, a person presents a statistical picture of the world. Creating algorithms and studying and formalizing processes, he sees a dynamic picture of the world. Mastering the basics of artificial intelligence, a person is forced to evaluate the process of human thinking, reasoning and logic. Building information-logical models of concepts and phenomena in which objects, algorithms and rules of inference are generalized, a person sees the world as a whole [2].
Over the past decade, the focus has been on the priority of the human person. Specifically, the problems of human adaptation for successful life in society, the problems of self-actualization come to the fore.
In all spheres of human activity, the computer acts not only as a powerful technological tool, but also as a means of human self-realization, as a creative tool that stimulates a person to know himself better, to fully discover his abilities, to show his individuality.
Thus, the interaction of man and computer becomes a social phenomenon and is not a simple communication of man with technology, and the active process of human interaction with the information wealth accumulated over centuries of human experience. The computer is not only a window into the world or the world library, but also an active partner, rival, assistant, teacher, judge and lawyer. Therefore, it is possible to have a specially organized impact on a person through a computer and, above all, an impact in the form of pedagogical assistance in the socialization of a person. This is the value of the computer for educational programs. The purposeful pedagogical influence on the process of socialization can be carried out through the content and methodology laid down in special computer programs aimed at designing social relations, correcting social interaction, stimulating social activity and regulating the social protection of children. In this case, the interaction of the computer and the child becomes a pedagogical process.
The remarkable impact of human-computer interaction research and user experience design compels researchers, practitioners, and journalists to ask: What is the next big thing?
Therefore, it may be useful for our community to lay out grand challenges that steer the direction of future research, design, and commercial development. As HCI researchers, we are profoundly aware of the immense problems of our age: growing human populations consume natural resources, flourishing cities require housing and transportation, families demand education and safety, and rising expectations from patients put pressure on healthcare and social systems
While addressing these problems, researchers, designers, and developers who recognize the aspirations of individuals, their desire for self-determination, and their hopes to contribute to their communities are more likely to deliver constructive products and services.
With these considerations in mind, we describe 3 grand challenges for researchers, designers, and developers:
First, shape the learning health system. A grand opportunity for HCI researchers and designers is to help shape massive healthcare systems that support patients seeking wellness, clinicians delivering care, and providers eager to reduce costs while increasing the quality of care. Macro-HCI thinking and big data analytic tools could provide insights at every level that could be shared with relevant stakeholders, but producing meaningful changes in such massive systems remains a challenge. Bottom-up strategies could propel patient and clinician participation, while top-down governance is needed to set policies, cope with malicious actors, and guide continuous improvement [5].
Second, stimulate rapid interface learning. Multilayer user interfaces enable new users to become experts with basic features; then users can control their progress to advanced features as needed. Multilayer user interfaces also simplify design for diverse users and users with disabilities.
Third, secure cyberspace. Criminal activity and privacy violations threaten to undermine user participation in every form of transaction, participation, political engagement, and tool usage. Designing for usable privacy and security will help ensure that benefits are retained, intrusions minimized, and expectations of safety realized.
Finally, other opportunities and unexpected developments in HCI research will occur. Undoubtedly, conducting research on these complex sociotechnical systems requires fresh thinking as well. The traditional controlled experimental approaches associated with micro-HCI research will need to be complemented by rigorous and repeated in-depth case studies, which are part of macro-HCI research. Addressing these problems will require improved interdisciplinary methods that emerge from science, engineering, and design.

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2.	Международный журнал экспериментального образования [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=10608 
3.	Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/topics/human-computer-interaction
4.	Человеко-машинное взаимодействие [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://ppt-online.org/219359 
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