Рубрика: Несовершеннолетние преступники. Преступность несовершеннолетних

УДК 343.915 

Преступность несовершеннолетних: причины и способы решения проблемы
Журавлев Никита Алексеевич
бакалавр 1 курса, кафедра гражданско-правовых дисциплин
Морозова Юлия Валерьевна
научный руководитель, старший преподаватель, кафедра межкультурных коммуникаций и переводоведения
Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса
Россия. Владивосток
E-mail: morozova.yuliya.75@mail.ru; тел.: +79024831753
ул. Гоголя, 41, г. Владивосток, Приморский край, Россия, 690014

Статья затрагивают проблему преступности несовершеннолетних в современном обществе. Рассмотрены основные виды преступлений, совершаемые подростками и факторы риска, влияющие на поведение малолетних преступников. Автор исследовал причины преступного поведения в молодежной среде и предложил пути решения этой проблемы. 

Ключевые слова и словосочетания: преступность несовершеннолетних, малолетний преступник, моральные и этические ценности, факторы риска, социальные условия, неполная семья, жертва, ограбление  
Juvenile delinquency: causes and ways of solving the problem

Zhuravlev Nikita Alexeevich
bachelor of the 1st year, department of civil law disciplines
Morozova Yuliya Valerievna
academic adviser, senior lecturer, department of cross-cultural communication and translation
Vladivostok state university of economics and service
Russia. Vladivostok

The article raises an issue of juvenile delinquency in a modern society. The main types of crimes committed by teenagers and risk factors affecting the behavior of juvenile offenders are considered.  The author examined the reasons of criminal behavior in the youth environment and suggested the ways of solving the problem.

Key words and phrases: juvenile delinquency, juvenile offender, moral and ethical values, risk factors, social conditions, broken family, victim, robbery

Living in our cruel world, many teenagers face with different problems and usually feel depressed. In fact, most of them, relieve from stress talking with their close people, spend time with friends, or probably watch movies with a lot of junk food, but there are those who do bad things in order to feel yourself better.
Have you ever thought about juvenile delinquency? Juvenile delinquency is a criminal act performed by young people at the age from 10 to 18 so they are still legally children and they are not fully responsible for their own actions [5]. Juvenile delinquency is a very serious problem nowadays as there are more and more crimes performed by children every year. The reasons are numerous and the solutions are not easy to find. 
There are many types of juvenile offences. Here are some of them committed by teenagers. Murder is the unlawful killing of another person. Rape is a type of sexual violence. Robbery is the crime of taking anything having value by force, threat or by putting the victim in fear.  Vehicle theft is a kind of criminal act of stealing motor vehicle. Arson is a crime setting fire to buildings. Vandalism is making damage to public or private property. Drug trade is illegal drug selling and distribution on the black market. Abuse is cruel and violent treatment of a person or animal [5]. 
One of the primary reason of juvenile delinquency is a broken family. A teen adopts moral and ethical values from his parents and other family members. We understand that family plays a vital role in shaping of a teenager’s behavior and forming his or her behavior. However, teens become violent or show signs of juvenile delinquency only when they are facing with misunderstanding at home [4]. Broken or disturbed families with bad relations can cause teens to go astray and become violent. Single parents are often busy working; therefore, they are not able to spend a lot of time with their children. This causes teens to seek attention from others, especially their peers.
Another factor of juvenile delinquency is a lack of communication. Often a lack of discourse in the family can lead children to find solace outside their homes. When they do not have any communication with their parents or family members at home, they may lose unity, trust, and understanding, which can eventually lose their self-esteem or self-confidence. Once they feel they are losing their individuality, they tend to do things they should not do to boost their self-confidence. They blindly follow their peers and adopt their unhealthy lifestyles. They shoplift and consume drugs to look cool in the eyes of their peers [1].
Lack of finances is also a serious reason. Young or adult may lead to a wrong path to improve their financial conditions. Teenagers become juvenile delinquents due to lack of finances. When they experience poor economic conditions, they can be engaged in wrong criminal activities. They may start selling drugs or stealing things in order to improve their economic conditions [4]. If we turn to statistics, we easily can notice that such countries as Ethiopia, Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Chad, India, Brazil and Mexico have the highest crime rate for the reason of poorness.
Lack of social and moral training can cause difficult problems. Teens who have not taken any social or moral training often face with juvenile delinquency. It is the parents’ duty to teach moral and ethical values to their children [2]. They should teach them the difference between right and wrong behavior. Lack of social and moral training can lead children to bad interaction with others and make them less confident. They may become selfish and superior. They would not know how to respect the laws of the state. Parents often neglect their children and pay more focus on working hard to earn money for them. However, while doing so, they forget the importance of spending time with their children [4]. For this reason, children tend to spend time with someone who pays attention to them. They may also fall into wrong hands or get involved in a bad company while seeking attention from someone other than their parents.
Environmental and situational influences can play negative role in a formation of a teenager. Other aspects of the environment that have been examined as factors that may influence the risk of offending include drug markets, availability of guns, and the impact of violence in the mass media. The presence of illegal drug markets increases the likelihood for violence at the points where offenders exchange drugs for money. 
Research over the past few decades on normal child development and on development of delinquent behavior has shown that individual, social, and community conditions as well as their interactions influence behavior. There is general agreement that behavior, including antisocial and delinquent behavior, is the result of a complex interaction of individual biological and genetic factors and environmental factors, starting during the childhood and continuing throughout life. Clearly, genes affect biological development, but there is no biological development without environmental input. Thus, both biology and environment influence behavior [3].
Many children reach adulthood without involvement in serious delinquent behavior, even in the face of multiple risks. Although risk factors may help identify which children are most in need of preventive interference, they cannot identify which particular children will become serious or permanent offenders. It has long been known that most adult criminals were involved in delinquent behavior as children and adolescents; most delinquent children and adolescents, however, do not grow up to be adult criminals. Similarly, most serious, constantly delinquent children and adolescents experience a number of risk factors at various levels, but most children and adolescents with risk factors do not become serious, permanent delinquents. Furthermore, any individual factor contributes only a small part to the increase in risk. However, everybody agrees that the more risk factors a child or adolescent experiences, the higher their risk for delinquent behavior.
A large number of individual factors and characteristics has been associated with the development of juvenile delinquency. These individual factors include age, gender, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and substance use. Some factors operate before birth, some appear in early childhood; and other factors may not be evident until late childhood or during adolescence. In order to appreciate the development of these individual characteristics and their relations to delinquency, one needs to study the development of the individual in interaction with the environment. 
Many children show the first signs of juvenile delinquency early, often between the ages of 6 and 12 years. Many juvenile behaviors during the pre-teen and teenage years are considered as normal behavior for children, as they expand their boundaries, and struggle to develop their self-perception and self-esteem. There are, however, certain signs that a child may get on a trail leading to a bad direction. Predictors of juvenile delinquencies may appear as early as preschool, and often include abnormal or slow development of basic skills, such as speech and language, constant violation of the rules, serious aggressive behavior toward other students or teachers [3].
Studies have found that a number of life circumstances form risk factors for a child to become a juvenile delinquent. While these are many and varied, the most common risk factors for juvenile delinquency include authoritarian parenting, pear association, low socioeconomic status, permissive parenting, poor school performance, peer rejection and different mental disorders.
There are several ways to prevent the youth from committing crimes. Firstly, school education plays an important role to teach right behaviour. Secondly, the present situation also calls for a control and supervision on the mass media. Books and programs should be in good quality. There should be more educational books and programs for young children in to tell them how to distinguish the right from the wrong. Thirdly, mutual understanding between parents and children is also very important. Parental supervision and guidance are a key factor of self-foundation in lifetime. The two generations need to smooth away disagreement. Parents can spend much time staying with their children and patiently carry out the duty of family education [2].
The family should have a positive attitude towards life and towards society. Parents and adults should show the children positive values, norms and standards of society in this way the children will be able to show the right behavior to the society. Family is the role model of every child and a model behavior by the parents and siblings can give motivation to the child to behave positively. Government should support families that have poor economic status so that they can improve their financial condition. Parents and teachers need also to teach children the importance of respecting laws of society. Parents’ duty is to tell their children the consequences of breaking laws that government has made for public safety and betterment. Parents should make sure that they observe equality of rights, justice and condemn discrimination [1].
Children especially teenage children have not reached the age of maturity where they know the difference between good and bad. Their parents know what is good and what is not and they should keep an eye on their children. They should know about the friends of their children and their other mates. In case of any disability, parents and teachers should talk to the teens about their problems and they should try to solve their problems. From early childhood, parents should ensure that their children meet people of their age and know how to behave in the society.
Peer group is a very strong force that can cause delinquent behavior in the adolescent. When friends commit crime adolescents often learn to do it and they cannot understand the consequences of the crime. Peer group rejection can also be the cause of juvenile delinquency. Adolescents can also show delinquent behavior when they cannot get similar resources as their friends have. Parents should ensure that their children are hanging out with friends who belong to their class, as this will prevent adolescent jealousy that can cause several crimes in adolescents. Parents should also see that their children are going out with good friends that belong to respectable families. 
Youth can easily become part of a gang during their age they think it appropriate to be powerful and to be part of a large group. Often strong groups and gangs are ones that are indulged in negative actions. Peer group influence can be positive and it can be negative. Sometimes youth do not get acceptance in any group as they do not have a strong personality and due to peer group rejection, they commit crimes.
Peer group influence is very strong on teens and parents should see the friends of their children. It is better to create a healthy and friendly relationship with their children. In this way, children feel free to share anything and everything with their parents.
It is also necessary to add that there are many different organizations, which help children with such problems. The most active and renowned is the Children’s Defense Fund (CDF). Founded in 1973 it helped more than millions of juvenile offenders. This fund is trying to stop criminalization of children, so they come to visit schools and families in order to lead them to the pass of goodness.
In conclusion, turning to the title of our report we should think of our future generation and make everything we can in order to make their live better and happier as a result they will have no desire to break the law and rules.

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2.	Causes of juvenile crime and solutions [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.audiy.com/ilets/ilets97.htm
3.	Juvenile delinquency//World youth report. 2003 [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа:  http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/ch07.pdf
4.	Juvenile delinquency: what makes teens commit crimes? [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.secureteen.com/juvenile-delinquency/juvenile-delinquency-what-makes-teens-commit-crimes/
5.	Legal dictionary [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://legaldictionary.net/juvenile-delinquency/